LUNGWORT / Pulmonaria officinalis

The name comes from the spotted leaves, the signature of the lungs, it was felt, so by that doctrine, they were used for diseased lungs, further boosted by the generic name Pulmonaria. Actually, it has been claimed that they are of some value (Brownlow), and they are still used in infusion for lung infections and respiratory disorders (Schauenberg & Paris). A leechdom for lung disease was actually used in Anglo-Saxon times (Cockayne), and in the mid-eighteenth century, Hill was still prescribing the leaf decoction for “coughs, shortness of breath, and all disorders of the lungs”. The legend that accounts for these spotted, or blotched, leaves, is that during the flight into Egypt, some of the Virgin’s milk fell on the leaves while she was nursing the infant Jesus, causing the white blotches on them, hence names like Virgin Mary’s Milkdrops (Macmillan), and Spotted Mary (Grigson. 1955), among others. Another version of the legend tells that it was her tears that spotted the leaves, for the plant was growing on Calvary, at the foot of the Cross. That, incidentally, is why it is unlucky to dig it up from the garden (Britten & Holland). The relevant names are Lady Mary’s Tears, from Dorset, Virgin Mary’s Tears (Macmillan). Double, or even treble, names for flowers are often references to two-coloured, or changing coloured, flowers, and Lungwort is one of them, so there are names like Adam-and-Eve, or Joseph-and-Mary for this plant, even Faith, Hope and Charity, from Dorset (Udal). Twelve Apostles is an old name from Somerset (Tongue. 1965), and there is a folk song with this title:

LUCKY HAND,

or St John’s Hand, so called because it had to be prepared on St John’s Eve. It is made from the roots of MALE FERN, to protect a house from fire. When it was dug up, all but five of the unrolled fronds were cut away, so that what remained looked like a gnarled hand with hooked fingers. It was then smoked and hardened in one of the Midsummer bonfires, and then hidden away in some corner of the house. As long as it stayed there, the house would be safe from fire and a good many other perils (Hole. 1977). The young fronds, too, were reckoned to be a protection against sorcery

LUCERNE / Medicago sativa

A fodder plant, but large quantities may be poisonous to livestock; it is known that it may cause jaundice in horses (North), but owing to its vitamin and mineral content, it has a reputation for increasing the speed and stamina of racehorses (it has long been used by Arabs to feed their purebred horses (Schauenberg & Paris), and human athletes. It is a body-builder, and reduces acidity (A W Hatfield). In Morocco, when a newly delivered mother has no milk, she is given a kind of very liquid porridge made of pounded lucerne seeds, for this is supposed to give milk to cows (Legey).

LOUSEWORT / Pedicularis sylvatica

Not because it can deal with lice, but because, so it was thought, causes them.
“It filleth sheep and other cattell that feed in medowes where this groweth, full of lice”, according to Gerard, but it is a belief still current.

LOTUS TREE / Zizyphus spina-christi

A small tree from the Near east and eastwards into India. This is a sacred plant, often
used to mark boundaries between lands of different villages. Some believe that the hedge surrounding Paradise is made of this. When a Lotus-tree reaches the age of 40 years, it often becomes the abode of some dead saint, so it is therefore a dangerous thing to cut down an old tree (Hanauer).

LOVAGE / Ligusticum scoticum

A reputed aphrodisiac, but only in all probability as a result of misunderstanding the name Lovage, which was Loveache in Middle English, levesche in Old French (modern French is livèche), levisticum in late Latin, and thence to Ligusticum. It appears in Roumanian folklore as a protective plant that could be used as well as wormwood or hedge hyssop to repel evil forces (Beza).

It was used quite extensively in earlier times for medicinal purposes, particularly (in Scotland) to combat scurvy (Grigson. 1955), for the leaves and stalks are edible, “a plant much in use in the western parts [of Scotland and the Isles] as a food” (Pennant). The leaf stalks were blanched once like celery (the leaves taste rather like celery, too), and the young stems were also candied, like Angelica (Rohde). The roots can be candied, too, and the seeds furnish an oil that is used to flavour candy (Sanford).

Lovage is used for a sore throat remedy in Indiana. Cut up the root and fry it in lard, and apply that to the throat as a poultice (Tyler).

LONDON PLANE / Platanus x acerifolia

It used to be said that it thrived in London because it shed its bark, the argument being that in doing so the tree could “breathe” (Ackermann), a fallacy, of course, for trees do not “breathe” through their bark. Many people believed that the London Plane was an unhealthy tree to live near. It may perhaps be true, for there is a theory that the small spicules which form the fruit swarm in the air surrounding the trees and cause bronchial catarrh and pneumonia, as well as certain throat affections (Brimble). Certainly, children make itching powder from the fruits.

LONDON PRIDE / Saxifraga x urbinum

A hybrid, S spathularis x S umbrosa, introduced in the 18th century by Mr London, the royal gardener of the time. So, to make any sense, it ought to be London’s Pride. But nobody ever worried about it, and almost from the moment it was introduced it has been a favourite garden plant, especially in cottage gardens. One of the many Devonshire names given to it is Bird’s Eye (Friend. 1882), descriptive, of course, as is more obviously the case when the name is given to the speedwells. There was a belief that if you gather Bird’s Eye, the birds will come and peck your eyes out, or it will be your mother who suffers the fate. That was certainly the case with the speedwells, but it does not necessarily follow that London Pride protects itself in the same way

LAMB’S TONGUE PLANTAIN / Plantago media

It will cure blight on fruit trees. Rub a few green leaves on the affected part of the tree, and the cure will be immediate. It is often found growing underneath trees in orchards (Grieve. 1931).

LADY’S TRESSES / Goodyera repens

More properly, Creeping Lady’s Tresses, an American species. The Mohegan Indians
applied the mashed leaves to prevent thrush in infants (Weiner). It is also known as Rattlesnake Plantain in America, for the white-veined leaves looked like snakeskin to the early herbalists, who took it as the sign for virtues against snakebite (Cunningham & Côté).

LAD’S LOVE

A well-known name given to SOUTHERNWOOD (Artemisia abrotanum). There have been a number of attempts to explain the name, one being the use of an ointment that young men used to promote the growth of a beard (Leyel. 1937). That was certainly done, for we have Gerard’s prescription: “the ashes of burnt Southernwood, with some kind of oyle that is of thin parts … cure the pilling of the hairs of the head, and make the beard to grow quickly”. The likeliest explanation seems to lie in the courting customs of Fenland youths, described by Porter. 1969. A few sprigs of the plant were generally added to the nosegay that courting youths used to give the girls, and the plant was quite prominent in other customs in that area. A youth would cut a few sprigs to put in his buttonhole. He used to walk, sniffing ostentatiously at his buttonhole, through groups of girls. If the girls went by and took no notice, he knew he would have to try again, but if they turned and walked slowly back towards him, then he knew they had noticed his Lad’s Love. He would then take his buttonhole and give it to the girl of his choice. If she was willing, she would also smell the southernwood, and the two would set out together on their first country walk.

LINDEN

A common, though poetical, synonym for LIME. The OE linde, sometimes used for a tree in general (Halliwell. 1881), is the source. Other versions of linden are Lin (F K Robinson), Lind, or Lynd, both Scottish variations (Jamieson). Place names in England include Lindfield, in Sussex, which means lime-tree land, Lindsell, in Essex – huts built round lime-trees (Wilks). Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, is another example (Rackham. 1986).

LESSER EVENING PRIMROSE

Oenothera biennis

The tap roots have been used as a vegetable, boiled, which makes them quite nutritious, but they were little used after the introduction of the potato (C P Johnson). The taste is not unlike parsnips (Loewenfeld), or even salsify, so it is claimed (Kearney). There are a few medicinal uses. The American Indians, or at any rate the Ojibwe, used to soak the whole plant in warm water to make a poultice that would heal bruises (H H Smith. 1945). But there are recognized herbal remedies involving the bark and leaves, which are known to be sedative and astringent, so they have been used for gastro-intestinal disorders in particular, and also for asthma and whooping cough (Grieve. 1931). More recently, the seeds have been successfully used to treat eczema (T Walker). Oil of Evening Primrose helps menopausal changes and pre-menstrual problems, and it has been recommended to help arthritis, and even to slow down changes in multiple sclerosis (M Evans).

LIMA BEAN

Phaseolus lunatus

Probably better known as Butter Bean. African-Americans in the southern states of America had a superstition about these bean hulls – they had to be thrown into the road. They could not be burned, for that would inhibit the next crop, neither could they be fed to the cows or pigs, for that would mean the animals would get into the garden and eat the growing plants (Puckett). Split a Lima Bean in half and rub it over a wart. Toss the bean into a well, and the wart will disappear (H M Hyatt) (cf BROAD BEAN).

LESSER YELLOW TREFOIL

Trifolium dubium

Is this the true shamrock? Very likely, it seems (Britten). A recent (1988) survey showed that more people (46% of those replying) were convinced that this was the true shamrock rather than other clovers (Nelson). One difficulty about this is the belief that the shamrock is peculiar to Ireland and will not grow out of that country. But this plant is common all over Europe. Another Irish belief is that shamrock does not flower. This is understandable, given that the demand for it is in March, and no clover will be in flower then.

LEPROSY

In the second edition of Gerard, there is “Bauhine saith that he heard the use of these (POTATO) roots was forbidden in Burgundy (where they call them Indian artichokes) for that they were persuaded the too frequent use of them caused leprosie”. Bauhine is Gaspar Bauhin, whose Prodromos of 1620 set out the theory. As late as 1761 this prejudice against the potato was still apparent in that area, and its cause was probably to be accounted for by the doctrine of signatures, the skin of a potato reminding someone of the effects of leprosy.

Dioscorides asserted that the leaves of ELM, “beaten small with vinegar, and soe applied are good for the leprosie …” (Apuleius Madaurensis). Wesley, too, associated elm with a leprosy cure, but it was the bark he prescribed. The leaves of PHYSIC NUT are used, externally, in Chinese medicine, to make an ointment to treat skin diseases, even leprosy (Chinese medicinal herbs of Hong Kong. Vol 3; 1987). In southern India, the dried root of SCARLET LEADWORT (Plumbago indica) used to be highly regarded as a leprosy (and syphilis) cure (P A Simpson).

SNAKE’S HEAD LILY (Fritillaria meleagris) has the name in some areas of Leopard Lily, which looks very strange, until another name, Lazarus Bell, is considered. It is named after the small bells that lepers were made to carry about with them, so that they could warn the healthy of their approach. Leopard Lily is just a corruption of leper’s lily.

LABRADOR TEA

Ledum groendlandicum
A North American evergreen shrub, whose leaves contain some narcotic substance (Turner & Bell), though it appears that the Indians were unaware of any such property, although the Ojibwa did use it as a substitute tobacco (Jenness. 1935). Certainly, strewn among clothes, the leaves will keep moths away, and in Lapland, branches are put among grain to discourage mice (Grieve. 1931). Bergen. 1899 mentions the leaf tea as an American domestic medicine for stomach disorders, and it has also been drunk for rheumatism (E Gunther).

LIME

COMMON LIME (Tilia x vulgaris) In German mythology, the Elf King lived in the Linden tree (Bayley. 1919), and dwarfs loved to haunt the tree. Heroes fell into enchanted sleep beneath them. In both Hungary and Germany, magical properties were ascribed to the tree. In some villages it was usual to plant one in front of a house to stop witches entering.

It was sacred to Venus among the Greeks, due, it was said, to the heart-shaped leaves. This was transmitted to Christian symbolism; the penance laid on Mary Magdalene by Christ was that “she should have no other food, and sleep on no other bed, save one made of its leaves”. “For Magdalene had loved much, and therefore her penance was by means of that which is a symbol of love” (Leland. 1898).

What was evidently a sacred Lime tree, known as the Wonderful Tree, once grew in Ditmarschen, near the bridge at Suderheistede. An old prophecy said that as soon as the Ditmarscheners lost their freedom, the tree would wither. This happened, but it was said that a magpie would one day build its nest in the branches, and hatch five white birds, and then the tree would begin to sprout again, and the country recover its ancient freedom (Thorpe). There was a “family” Lime tree at Cuckfield Hall, in Sussex. It regularly dropped a branch when there was going to be a death in the family (M Baker. 1980).

In Germany, lime flowers were never brought indoors – it gave the girls in the house erotic dreams, so it was said (M Baker. 1977). Lime is a feminine tree in Lithuanian folk belief (oak is the male tree par excellence). The souls of women moved into lindens or firs, the other feminine tree, at death, and women’s graves were marked by a linden cross (Gimbutas. 1958). The bast used by gardeners for tying up plants, and for packing goods, is obtained from the inner bark. In Europe, the use of bark fabrics was established in prehistoric times, particularly the bast of the Lime tree, which at one time grew in large forests. Shoes of plaited bast were still worn in very recent times in eastern Europe, particualrly in the Volga district (Buhler. 1940). The wood, to quote J Taylor. 1812, is “soft, light and smooth; close-grained, and not subject to the worm, and of a spongy texture. It is used for making lasts and tables for shoemakers. It also makes good charcoal for gunpowder”. All the Grinling Gibbons carvings are in lime, which is ideal for the task (Ablett). “The flowers afford the best honey for bees, and the gummy sap or juice, when repeatedly boiled and clarified, produces a substance like sugar” (J Taylor. 1812). Lime-flower honey is indeed very good; in fact at one time it cost three or four times as much as ordinary honey (Ablett).

Lime-blossom tea is valued for headaches. It is used a lot in France as “tilleul”, a slightly sedative drink (F G Savage). Besides being very pleasant, it is given in Somerset for insomnia (Tongue. 1965). A hot bath with lime-flowers in it, is another insomnia remedy, and it is also good for nervous irritability (Quelch). The tea is “good against giddiness of the head, tremblings of the limbs and all other lighter nervous disorders” (Hill. 1754). The distilled water, according to Evelyn, was regarded as good “against epilepsy, apoplexy, vertigo, trembling of the heart …”. Even sitting under a lime tree is reported as improving the condition of epileptics (M Baker. 1980). Gerard had already noted that “the floures are commended by divers … against … the falling sickness…”. A more barbaric remedy was noted in 18th century Scotland: for the “falling sickness in children”: “take a little black sucking puppy (but for a girl take a bitch whelp), choke it, open it, take out the gall, put it all to the child in the time of the fit, with a little tile-tree flower water, and you shall see him cured as it were by a miracle presently” (Graham) (Tile-tree is Lime, of course, taken directly from the generic name, Tilia, which was the Latin name for the tree).

It is also said that the infusion of the flowers is good in the treatment of arteriosclerosis, for it thins the blood, and so improves the circulation (Palaiseul), and so it is useful for hypertension as well (M Evans). That same infusion, used as a lotion, will act as a hair and scalp conditioner (Conway).